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The Enterococcaceae are a family of Gram-positive bacteria placed in the order Lactobacillales. [1] Representative genera include Enterococcus, Melissococcus, Pilibacter, Tetragenococcus, and Vagococcus. In this family are some important lactic acid bacteria which produce lactic acid as the major metabolic end product. [1]
Enterococcus is a large genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Bacillota.Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains, and are difficult to distinguish from streptococci on physical characteristics alone. [2]
Enterococcus gallinarum is a species of Enterococcus. [3] E. gallinarum demonstrates an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin.Resistance is due to a chromosomal gene, vanC, which encodes for a terminal D-alanine-D-serine instead of the usual D-alanine-D-alanine in cell wall peptidoglycan precursor proteins. [4]
E. faecalis is usually resistant to many commonly used antimicrobial agents (aminoglycosides, aztreonam and quinolones). [15] The resistance is mediated by the presence of multiple genes related to drug resistance in the chromosome or plasmid. [3] Resistance to vancomycin in E. faecalis is becoming more common.
[3] [4] Additionally, this species uses Camelus dromedarius and Helix pomatia as hosts. [ 5 ] Sequencing of the CX012922 strain show genes divided between a 2.83 Mb circular genome for virulence factors like ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and a 0.98 Mb circular megaplasmid for substrate utilization enzymes like raffinose permease.
However, additional biochemical tests can be used to separate the two organisms. Additionally, E. casseliflavus produces respiratory quinones and its colonies possess a bright yellow pigment. [2] [7] E. casseliflavus possess the vanC genotype and are intrinsically resistant to glycopeptides such as vancomycin. [8]
Enterococcus malodoratus is a nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic microbe, as well as a chemoorganotroph with fermentative metabolism. [1] [3] The cells are coccoid in structure, found mostly in pairs or short streptococcus chains.
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