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Sperm motility is dependent on several metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms. The axonemal bend movement is based on the active sliding of axonemal doublet microtubules by the molecular motor dynein, which is divided into an outer and an inner arm. Outer and inner arm plays different roles in the production and regulation of flagellar motility: the outer arm increase the bea
Sperm DNA fragmentation level is higher in men with sperm motility defects (asthenozoospermia) than in men with oligozoospermia or teratozoospermia. [2] Among men with asthenozoospermia, 31% were found to have high levels of DNA fragmentation.
Total motile spermatozoa (TMS) [25] or total motile sperm count (TMSC) [26] is a combination of sperm count, motility and volume, measuring how many million sperm cells in an entire ejaculate are motile. Use of approximately 20 million sperm of motility grade c or d in ICI, and 5 million ones in IUI may be an approximate recommendation.
A 1992 World Health Organization report described normal human semen as having a volume of 2 mL or greater, pH of 7.2 to 8.0, sperm concentration of 20×10 6 spermatozoa/mL or more, sperm count of 40×10 6 spermatozoa per ejaculate or more, and motility of 50% or more with forward progression (categories a and b) of 25% or more with rapid ...
The volume of the semen sample (must be more than 1.5 ml), approximate number of total sperm cells, sperm motility/forward progression, and % of sperm with normal morphology are measured. It is possible to have hyperspermia (high volume more than 6 ml) or Hypospermia (low volume less than 0.5 ml).
Male junglefowl showed no preference when simultaneously presented with both an MHC-dissimilar and an MHC-similar female. However, they did show a cryptic preference by allocating more sperm to the more MHC-dissimilar of the two. [35] Male sand lizards Lacerta agilis behave similarly to the male junglefowl. Initial copulation between a male and ...
A spermatozoon (/ s p ər ˌ m æ t ə ˈ z oʊ. ən, ˌ s p ɜːr m ə t ə-/; [1] also spelled spermatozoön; pl.: spermatozoa; from Ancient Greek σπέρμα (spérma) 'seed' and ζῷον (zôion) 'animal') is a motile sperm cell produced by male animals relying on internal fertilization.
For animal in vitro fertilization, caffeine at 5 mM concentration is a strong inducer of sperm capacitation in vitro. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Calcium ionophores are also ideal to induce capacitation. [ 7 ] Adding heparin to capacitation inducing medium mimics the secretion of heparin-like gycosaminoglycans (GAGs) near the oocyte and initiates the acrosome ...