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"Tone at the top" is a term that originated in the field of accounting and is used to describe an organization's general ethical climate, as established by its board of directors, audit committee, and senior management. Having good tone at the top is believed by business ethics experts to help prevent fraud and other unethical practices.
The International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) develops and promotes the International Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants (including International Independence Standards). The IESBA also supports debate on issues related to accounting ethics and auditor independence.
Examples of such components of tone include code of ethics and corporate governance practices. Board/Audit Committee Reporting Board members, including independent directors, assume fiduciary responsibilities which require them to have access to accurate and relevant information.
An audit performed in 2013, for a capital raise performed in May 2014, uncovered severe financial irregularities and a precarious financial situation of the bank. In July 2014, Salgado was replaced by economist Vítor Bento, who saw BES in an irrecoverable situation.
Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics and is part of business ethics and human ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics .
An Enron manual of ethics from July 2000, about a year before the company collapsed. Enron's complex financial statements were confusing to shareholders and analysts. [1]: 6 [10] When speculative business ventures proved disastrous, it used unethical practices to use accounting limitations to misrepresent earnings and modify the balance sheet to indicate favorable performance.
The standard provides examples of conditions that may be identified during the audit that might indicate fraud. One example is management denying the auditors access to key IT operations staff including security, operations, and systems development personnel. The auditors must determine whether the results of their tests affect their assessment.
ISAE 3000 is issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB). The standard consists of guidelines for the ethical behavior, quality management and performance of an ISAE 3000 engagement. Generally ISAE 3000 is applied for audits of internal control, sustainability and compliance with laws and regulations.