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In chemical thermodynamics, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a physical technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is most often used to study the binding of small molecules (such as medicinal compounds) to larger macromolecules ( proteins , DNA etc.) in a label-free environment.
Figs. 1a & 1b. Idealized thermometric titration plots of exothermic (left) and endothermic (right) reactions. Heat losses or gains from outside the system via the vessel walls and cover; Differences in the temperature between the titrant and the titrand; Evaporative losses from the surface of the rapidly mixed fluid;
A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, or the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal micro calorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists ...
where ln denotes the natural logarithm, is the thermodynamic equilibrium constant, and R is the ideal gas constant.This equation is exact at any one temperature and all pressures, derived from the requirement that the Gibbs free energy of reaction be stationary in a state of chemical equilibrium.
The cross-linking of polymer molecules that occurs in the curing process is exothermic, resulting in a negative peak in the DSC curve that usually appears soon after the glass transition. [15] [16] [17] In the pharmaceutical industry it is necessary to have well-characterized drug compounds in order to define processing parameters. For instance ...
The measurement of heat changes is performed using calorimetry, usually an enclosed chamber within which the change to be examined occurs. The temperature of the chamber is monitored either using a thermometer or thermocouple , and the temperature plotted against time to give a graph from which fundamental quantities can be calculated.
Cooking oils include a wide range of products, from canola oil to olive oil, coconut oil and more. The nutritional pros and cons of cooking oils are a frequent subject of debate online, especially ...
Constant flux calorimetry is an advanced temperature control mechanism used to generate accurate calorimetry. It operates by controlling the jacket area of a laboratory reactor while maintaining a constant inlet temperature of the thermal fluid. This method allows for precise temperature control, even during strongly exothermic or endothermic ...