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The calcareous sponges [2] [3] (class Calcarea) are members of the animal phylum Porifera, the cellular sponges. They are characterized by spicules made of calcium carbonate, in the form of high-magnesium calcite or aragonite. While the spicules in most species are triradiate (with three points in a single plane), some species may possess two ...
The molluscs are calcareous organisms, as are the calcareous sponges , that have spicules which are made of calcium carbonate. [1] Additionally, reef-building corals, or Scleractinia, are calcareous organisms that form their rigid skeletal structure through the precipitation of aragonite (i.e., a polymorph of calcium carbonate). [2]
Leucosolenia is a genus of calcareous sponges belonging to the family Leucosoleniidae. Species of this genus usually appear as groups of curved vases, up to 2 cm long, each ending in an osculum. The overall shape is sometimes likened to a tiny bunch of bananas.
The shapes of calcareous sponge spicules are simple compared with the sometimes very elaborate siliceous spicules found in the other sponge classes. With only a few exceptions, calcareous sponge spicules can be of three basic types: monaxonic, two-tipped diactines, triactines with three spicules rays, and four-rayed tetractines.
Clathrina coriacea is a species of calcareous sponge belonging to the class Calcarea and family Clathrinidae. [1] Species in the genus Clathrina are composed of calcium carbonate tube-like skeletons containing spicules. [2] The sponge can be located in shallow waters widely distributed along North Atlantic coasts, as well as on other coasts. [1]
The Clathrinida are an order of calcareous sponges found in marine environments. Clathrinida is a well-known non-monophyletic order under the class of calcarea, and was first named in 1958 by Willard D Hartman based on corticalization (body cortex)[5].
The Calcinea are a subclass of the calcareous sponges. Its phylum is Porifera and class is Calcarea. [1] Branching is usually dichotomous or umbellate with anastomoses, which gives rise to reticulate growths on stalks in adults. Most varieties are coral red or sulphur yellow. [2]
Leucosolenida is an order of sponges in the class Calcarea and the subclass Calcaronea. [1] Species in Leucosolenida are calcareous, with a skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules without calcified non-spicular reinforcements. [2] [3]