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Chainer was the first deep learning framework to introduce the define-by-run approach. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] The traditional procedure to train a network was in two phases: define the fixed connections between mathematical operations (such as matrix multiplication and nonlinear activations) in the network, and then run the actual training calculation.
Although the Python interface is more polished and the primary focus of development, PyTorch also has a C++ interface. [14] A number of pieces of deep learning software are built on top of PyTorch, including Tesla Autopilot, [15] Uber's Pyro, [16] Hugging Face's Transformers, [17] PyTorch Lightning, [18] [19] and Catalyst. [20] [21]
Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset. [18]
Python: Python: Only on Linux No Yes No Yes Yes Keras: François Chollet 2015 MIT license: Yes Linux, macOS, Windows: Python: Python, R: Only if using Theano as backend Can use Theano, Tensorflow or PlaidML as backends Yes No Yes Yes [20] Yes Yes No [21] Yes [22] Yes MATLAB + Deep Learning Toolbox (formally Neural Network Toolbox) MathWorks ...
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that focuses on utilizing neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation learning. The field takes inspiration from biological neuroscience and is centered around stacking artificial neurons into layers and "training" them to process data.
scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn and also known as sklearn) is a free and open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language. [3] It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support-vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific ...
Keras allows users to produce deep models on smartphones (iOS and Android), on the web, or on the Java Virtual Machine. [8] It also allows use of distributed training of deep-learning models on clusters of graphics processing units (GPU) and tensor processing units (TPU) .
Torch is an open-source machine learning library, a scientific computing framework, and a scripting language based on Lua. [3] It provides LuaJIT interfaces to deep learning algorithms implemented in C. It was created by the Idiap Research Institute at EPFL. Torch development moved in 2017 to PyTorch, a port of the library to Python. [4] [5] [6]