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In planar dynamics a pole is a center of rotation, the polar is the force line of action and the conic is the mass–inertia matrix. [4] The pole–polar relationship is used to define the center of percussion of a planar rigid body. If the pole is the hinge point, then the polar is the percussion line of action as described in planar screw theory.
It is possible to choose any projection plane parallel to the equator (except the South pole): the figures will be proportional (property of similar triangles). It is usual to place the projection plane at the North pole. Definition The pole figure is the stereographic projection of the poles used to represent the orientation of an object in space.
By definition (or universal property) of the direct limit, an element of the stalk is an equivalence class of elements (), where two such sections and are considered equivalent if the restrictions of the two sections coincide on some neighborhood of .
[1] [2] The order of the coordinates is significant, and they are sometimes identified by their position in an ordered tuple and sometimes by a letter, as in "the x-coordinate". The coordinates are taken to be real numbers in elementary mathematics , but may be complex numbers or elements of a more abstract system such as a commutative ring .
In projective geometry, duality or plane duality is a formalization of the striking symmetry of the roles played by points and lines in the definitions and theorems of projective planes. There are two approaches to the subject of duality, one through language (§ Principle of duality) and the other a more functional approach through special ...
This definition works well for spaces such as real and complex manifolds, but gives undesirable results for an algebraic variety with the Zariski topology. In the classification of covering spaces , it is shown that the fundamental group is exactly the group of deck transformations of the universal covering space .
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In this case a point that is neither a pole nor a zero is viewed as a pole (or zero) of order 0. A meromorphic function may have infinitely many zeros and poles. This is the case for the gamma function (see the image in the infobox), which is meromorphic in the whole complex plane, and has a simple pole at every non-positive integer.