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Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R.Then, the quotients / belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if happens to be invertible in R) and the roots are taken in an algebraically closed extension.
In mathematics, a sum of radicals is defined as a finite linear combination of n th roots: =, where , are natural numbers and , are real numbers.. A particular special case arising in computational complexity theory is the square-root sum problem, asking whether it is possible to determine the sign of a sum of square roots, with integer coefficients, in polynomial time.
As is discussed in more detail below, the Gaussian periods are closely related to another class of sums of roots of unity, now generally called Gauss sums (sometimes Gaussian sums). The quantity P − P* presented above is a quadratic Gauss sum mod p, the simplest non-trivial example of a Gauss sum.
An example of a Galois group A 3 with three elements is given by p(x) = x 3 − 3x − 1, ... the sum of the cube roots of these solutions is a root of the equation.
The sum of a root and its conjugate is twice its real part. These three sums are the three real roots of the cubic polynomial +, and the primitive seventh roots of unity are , where r runs over the roots of the above polynomial. As for every cubic polynomial, these roots may be expressed in terms of square and cube roots.
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which g k ≡ a (mod n). Such a value k is called the index or discrete logarithm of a to the base g modulo n.
Denoting by h k the complete homogeneous symmetric polynomial (that is, the sum of all monomials of degree k), the power sum polynomials also satisfy identities similar to Newton's identities, but not involving any minus signs.