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The Calvin cycle, light-independent reactions, bio synthetic phase, dark reactions, or photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle [1] of photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose. The Calvin cycle is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes and also many ...
Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 – January 8, 1997) [3] was an American biochemist known for discovering the Calvin cycle along with Andrew Benson and James Bassham, for which he was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation C3 Pathway. 2 H 2 O + 2 NADP + + 3 ADP + 3 P i + light → 2 NADPH + 2 H + + 3 ATP + O 2. The light-independent reactions undergo the Calvin-Benson cycle, in which the energy from NADPH and ATP is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds via the enzyme RuBisCO.
Calvin–Benson cycle. C 3 carbon fixation is the most common of three metabolic pathways for carbon fixation in photosynthesis, the other two being C 4 and CAM.This process converts carbon dioxide and ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP, a 5-carbon sugar) into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate through the following reaction:
The reverse Krebs cycle, also known as the reverse TCA cycle (rTCA) or reductive citric acid cycle, is an alternative to the standard Calvin-Benson cycle for carbon fixation. It has been found in strict anaerobic or microaerobic bacteria (as Aquificales ) and anaerobic archea .
Alternation of generations – Beta oxidation – Bioelectricity – Biological pest control – Biological rhythm – Bipolar disorder – Cardiopulmonary resuscitation – Calvin–Benson cycle – Cell cycle – Chronobiology – Citric acid cycle – Circadian rhythm – Clinical depression – Digestion – Ecology – Feedback – Infradian rhythm - Life cycle – List of biochemistry ...
This PGA is chemically reduced in the mesophyll and diffuses back to the bundle sheath where it enters the conversion phase of the Calvin cycle. For each CO 2 molecule exported to the bundle sheath the malate shuttle transfers two electrons, and therefore reduces the demand of reducing power in the bundle sheath.
In the Calvin-Benson cycle, RuBP is a product of the phosphorylation of ribulose-5-phosphate (produced by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) by ATP. [11] [12] The Calvin-Benson cycle showing the role of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate.