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  2. Memory-mapped I/O and port-mapped I/O - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O_and_port...

    Memory-mapped I/O is preferred in IA-32 and x86-64 based architectures because the instructions that perform port-based I/O are limited to one register: EAX, AX, and AL are the only registers that data can be moved into or out of, and either a byte-sized immediate value in the instruction or a value in register DX determines which port is the source or destination port of the transfer.

  3. Memory mapping - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_mapping

    Memory-mapped I/O, an alternative to port I/O; a communication between CPU and peripheral device using the same instructions, and same bus, as between CPU and memory; Virtual memory, technique which gives an application program the impression that it has contiguous working memory, while in fact it is physically fragmented and may even overflow ...

  4. Memory map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_map

    In computer science, a memory map is a structure of data (which usually resides in memory itself) that indicates how memory is laid out. The term "memory map" has different meanings in different contexts. It is the fastest and most flexible cache organization that uses an associative memory. The associative memory stores both the address and ...

  5. Atmel AVR instruction set - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel_AVR_instruction_set

    The registers are also not memory-mapped, with I/O ports from 0–63 and general-purpose RAM beginning at address 64. The 16-bit arithmetic operations ( ADIW , SBIW ) are omitted, as are the load/store with displacement addressing modes ( Y+d , Z+d ), but the predecrement and postincrement addressing modes are retained.

  6. Loader (computing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(computing)

    In the case of operating systems that support virtual memory, the loader may not actually copy the contents of executable files into memory, but rather may simply declare to the virtual memory subsystem that there is a mapping between a region of memory allocated to contain the running program's code and the contents of the associated ...

  7. PDP-11 architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11_architecture

    The logical address space (that is, the address space available at any moment without changing the memory mapping table) remains limited to 16 bits. Some models, beginning with the PDP-11/45, can be set to use 32K words (64 KB) as the "instruction space" for program code and a separate 32K words of "data space".

  8. mmap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmap

    File-backed mapping maps an area of the process's virtual memory to files; that is, reading those areas of memory causes the file to be read. It is the default mapping type. Anonymous mapping maps an area of the process's virtual memory not backed by any file, made available via the MAP_ANONYMOUS/MAP_ANON flags.

  9. AVR microcontrollers - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVR_microcontrollers

    The AVR Dragon provides in-system serial programming, high-voltage serial programming and parallel programming, as well as JTAG or debugWIRE emulation for parts with 32 KB of program memory or less. ATMEL changed the debugging feature of AVR Dragon with the latest firmware of AVR Studio 4 - AVR Studio 5 and now it supports devices over 32 KB of ...