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In mathematics and computer science, Horner's method (or Horner's scheme) is an algorithm for polynomial evaluation.Although named after William George Horner, this method is much older, as it has been attributed to Joseph-Louis Lagrange by Horner himself, and can be traced back many hundreds of years to Chinese and Persian mathematicians. [1]
Polynomial long division can be used to find the equation of the line that is tangent to the graph of the function defined by the polynomial P(x) at a particular point x = r. [3] If R ( x ) is the remainder of the division of P ( x ) by ( x – r ) 2 , then the equation of the tangent line at x = r to the graph of the function y = P ( x ) is y ...
Once a monomial ordering is fixed, the terms of a polynomial (product of a monomial with its nonzero coefficient) are naturally ordered by decreasing monomials (for this order). This makes the representation of a polynomial as a sorted list of pairs coefficient–exponent vector a canonical representation of the polynomials (that is, two ...
Repeat steps 2-4 until all possible pairs are considered, including those involving the new polynomials added in step 4. Output G; The polynomial S ij is commonly referred to as the S-polynomial, where S refers to subtraction (Buchberger) or syzygy (others). The pair of polynomials with which it is associated is commonly referred to as critical ...
Horner's method evaluates a polynomial using repeated bracketing: + + + + + = + (+ (+ (+ + (+)))). This method reduces the number of multiplications and additions to just Horner's method is so common that a computer instruction "multiply–accumulate operation" has been added to many computer processors, which allow doing the addition and multiplication operations in one combined step.
The leading term of a polynomial is thus the term of the largest monomial (for the chosen monomial ordering). Concretely, let R be any ring of polynomials. Then the set M of the (monic) monomials in R is a basis of R , considered as a vector space over the field of the coefficients.
This implies that, the monic polynomials in a univariate polynomial ring over a commutative ring form a monoid under polynomial multiplication. Two monic polynomials are associated if and only if they are equal, since the multiplication of a polynomial by a nonzero constant produces a polynomial with this constant as its leading coefficient.
Ruffini's rule can be used when one needs the quotient of a polynomial P by a binomial of the form . (When one needs only the remainder, the polynomial remainder theorem provides a simpler method.) A typical example, where one needs the quotient, is the factorization of a polynomial p ( x ) {\displaystyle p(x)} for which one knows a root r :