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Modeling photon propagation with Monte Carlo methods is a flexible yet rigorous approach to simulate photon transport. In the method, local rules of photon transport are expressed as probability distributions which describe the step size of photon movement between sites of photon-matter interaction and the angles of deflection in a photon's trajectory when a scattering event occurs.
Simulation of negative refraction from a metasurface at 15 GHz for different angles of incidence. The simulations are performed through the method of moments. The method of moments (MoM), also known as the moment method and method of weighted residuals, [1] is a numerical method in computational electromagnetics.
The fast marching method [1] is a numerical method created by James Sethian for solving boundary value problems of the Eikonal equation: | | = / () =Typically, such a problem describes the evolution of a closed surface as a function of time with speed in the normal direction at a point on the propagating surface.
Propagation of a ray through a layer. The transfer-matrix method is a method used in optics and acoustics to analyze the propagation of electromagnetic or acoustic waves through a stratified medium; a stack of thin films. [1] [2] This is, for example, relevant for the design of anti-reflective coatings and dielectric mirrors.
The package was subsequently expanded to include an adjoint solver for topology optimization and inverse design, [3] and a Python interface. [4] The software is widely adopted by optics and photonics communities, [5] with applications including the analysis and design of metalenses [6] [7] and photonic crystals. [8] [9]
The Longley–Rice model (LR) is a radio propagation model: a method for predicting the attenuation of radio signals for a telecommunication link in the frequency range of 40 MHz to 100 GHz. [1] Longley-Rice is also known as the irregular terrain model (ITM).
The Hata model is a radio propagation model for predicting the path loss of cellular transmissions in exterior environments, valid for microwave frequencies from 150 to 1500 MHz. It is an empirical formulation based on the data from the Okumura model , and is thus also commonly referred to as the Okumura–Hata model . [ 1 ]
The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically. Equations of radiative transfer have application in a wide variety of subjects including optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing.