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Plant evolution is an aspect of the study of biological evolution, predominantly involving evolution of plants suited to live on land, greening of various land masses by the filling of their niches with land plants, and diversification of groups of land plants.
Land plants evolved from a group of freshwater green algae, perhaps as early as 850 mya, [3] but algae-like plants might have evolved as early as 1 billion years ago. [2] The closest living relatives of land plants are the charophytes, specifically Charales; if modern Charales are similar to the distant ancestors they share with land plants, this means that the land plants evolved from a ...
They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much earlier than originally thought. [53] 750 Ma Beginning of animal evolution. [54] [55] 720–630 Ma Possible global glaciation [56] [57] which increased the atmospheric oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide, and was either caused by land plant evolution [58] or ...
Plant evolution is the subset of evolutionary phenomena that concern plants. Evolutionary phenomena are characteristics of populations that are described by averages , medians , distributions , and other statistical methods.
The streptophyte algae (i.e. excluding the land plants) have around 122 genera; they adapted to fresh water very early in their evolutionary history and have not spread back into marine environments. [citation needed] Some time during the Ordovician, streptophytes invaded the land and began the evolution of the embryophyte land plants. [28]
The fossil history of flowering plants records the development of flowers and other distinctive structures of the angiosperms, now the dominant group of plants on land.The history is controversial as flowering plants appear in great diversity in the Cretaceous, with scanty and debatable records before that, creating a puzzle for evolutionary biologists that Charles Darwin named an "abominable ...
About 7600 species of plants use C 4 carbon fixation, which represents about 3% of all terrestrial species of plants. All these 7600 species are angiosperms. C 4 plants evolved carbon concentrating mechanisms.
Between 510 and 630 million years ago, however, land plants emerged within the green algae. [41] Molecular phylogenetic studies conclude that bryophytes are the earliest diverging lineages of the extant land plants. [21] [2] [42] [43] They provide insights into the migration of plants from aquatic environments to land. A number of physical ...