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An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that converts electrical input power into X-rays. [1] The availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of radiography , the imaging of partly opaque objects with penetrating radiation .
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In general, an X-ray's beam intensity is not uniform. When it focuses to a target, a conical shape appears (divergent beam). The intensity of the beam from the positive anode side is lower than the intensity from the negative cathode side because the photons created when the electrons strike the target have a longer way to travel through the rotating target on the anode side.
The curved tube attached just above the cathode is an 'osmotic softener' device to adjust the pressure in the tube. Crookes tubes required some gas in them to operate, but as time passed the gas was absorbed by the walls of the tube and the pressure dropped, requiring higher voltage across the tube which generated 'harder' x-rays, until eventually the tube stopped working.
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The X-ray tube is a type of cathode-ray tube that generates X-rays when high voltage electrons hit the anode. [ 88 ] [ 89 ] Gyrotrons or vacuum masers, used to generate high-power millimeter band waves, are magnetic vacuum tubes in which a small relativistic effect, due to the high voltage, is used for bunching the electrons.
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A diagram showing a Crookes tube connected to a high voltage supply. The Maltese cross has no external electrical connection. Cathode rays are so named because they are emitted by the negative electrode, or cathode, in a vacuum tube. To release electrons into the tube, they first must be detached from the atoms of the cathode.