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The ancient burial process evolved over time as old customs were discarded and new ones adopted, but several important elements of the process persisted. Although specific details changed over time, the preparation of the body, the magic rituals, and grave goods were all essential parts of a proper Egyptian funeral.
There is some disagreement about the social and economic associations of this form of burial among scholars. Burial customs used by the Egyptians include inhumation, clay coffins, and tombs with stairways and vaulting. Clay coffins are often associated with the poorest graves in Egyptian society, though not always in Levant. [6]
The Ure Museum’s ancient Egyptian funerary boat is a 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom model boat; believed to have been manufactured between 1991–1786 BC. [1] It was discovered during excavations in the group of tombs described as the ‘Tombs of the Officials’ at Beni Hasan, Egypt. [2]
Ship burial is a burial in which a ship or boat is used either as the tomb for the dead and the grave goods, or as a part of the grave goods itself. Shrine is a sacred or holy space dedicated to a specific deity, ancestor, hero, martyr, saint, daemon, or similar figure of respect, wherein they are venerated or worshipped.
A funeral dirge is also performed by the mourners in which prayers are offered in the form of song or poetry. [20] One of the teachings of Muhammad was that the sound of wailing woman was forbidden, but modern Egyptian culture does not heed to this part of the Quran as the wailing and mourners follow the body to the graveyard. [20]
In ancient Egypt, burial customs developed during the Predynastic period. Round graves with one pot were used in the Badarian Period (4400–3800 B.C.E.), continuing the tradition of Omari and Maadi cultures. [7] Archeologists refer to unmarked prehistoric cemeteries using the neutral term "grave field".
The Egyptian art style and script may allude to a strong connection between the Pan-Grave Culture and Egypt. The evidence of other typically Egyptian artwork, burial customs, and pottery in other Pan-Grave burials suggests a high level of syncretism in Pan-Grave communities.
Closely related are customs of ancestor worship and offerings to the dead, in modern western culture related to All Souls' Day (Day of the Dead), in East Asia the "hell bank note" and related customs. [6] [7] [8] Also closely related is the custom of retainer sacrifice, where servants or wives of a deceased chieftain are interred with the body. [9]