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Research shows that environmental factors and experiences can alter the genetic make-up of a developing child. [3] Exposure to prolonged stress, environmental toxins or nutritional deficits chemically alter genes in the foetus or young child and may shape the individual's development temporarily or permanently.
The Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) is a 22-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess subjective distress caused by traumatic events. It is commonly used in research and clinical settings to measure the severity of symptoms related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The IES-R is an updated version of the original Impact ...
Research has shown TF-CBT to be effective in treating childhood PTSD and with children who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events, including but not limited to physical or sexual victimization, child maltreatment, domestic violence, community violence, accidents, natural disasters, and war.
Evidence-based, trauma-focused psychotherapy is the first-line treatment for PTSD. [1] [2] [3] Psychotherapy is defined as a treatment where a therapist and patient build a therapeutic relationship and focus on the patient's thoughts, attitudes, affect, behavior, and social development to lessen the patient's psychopathologies and functional impairment.
The effects of childhood trauma on brain development can hinder emotional regulation and impair of social skill [7] development. Research indicates that children raised in traumatic or risky family environments often display excessive internalizing (e.g., social withdrawal, anxiety) or externalizing (e.g., aggressive behavior), and suicidal ...
Approximately 30% of the variance in PTSD is caused by genetics alone. [1] For twins exposed to combat in the Vietnam War, a monozygotic (identical) twin with PTSD was associated with an increased risk of the co-twin having PTSD, as compared to dizygotic (non-identical) twins; [2] additionally, assaultive trauma (compared to non-assaultive trauma) was more likely to exacerbate these effects.
Some more recent research has provided support for this; for instance, child abuse has been shown to have a causal role in depression, PTSD, eating disorders, substance abuse and dissociative disorders, [14] and research reveals that the more severe the abuse the higher the probability that psychiatric symptoms will develop in adult life. [15]
The veterans with PTSD showed an 8% reduction in their right hippocampal volume. The patients that suffered from child abuse showed a 12% reduction in their mean left hippocampal volume. [59] Several of the studies have also shown that people with PTSD have deficits while performing verbal declarative memory tasks in their hippocampus. [59]