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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-delimited particles [1] that are naturally released from almost all types of cells but, unlike a cell, cannot replicate. EVs range in diameter from near the size of the smallest physically possible unilamellar liposome (around 20-30 nanometers) to as large as 10 microns or more, although the vast majority of EVs are smaller than 200 nm.
Exosome-mediated delivery of superoxide dismutase extends life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans, apparently by reducing the level of reactive oxygen species. [90] Thus this system is being studied for its anti-aging potential. [90] This delivery system also improved survival under conditions of oxidative stress and heat. [90]
Polymersomes have been used to create controlled release drug delivery systems. [9] Similar to coating liposomes with polyethylene glycol, polymersomes can be made invisible to the immune system if the hydrophilic block consists of polyethylene glycol. [10] Thus, polymersomes are useful carriers for targeted medication.
Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle. Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of the vesicle can be made to be different from the cytosolic environment. For this reason, vesicles are a basic tool ...
Vesicles are small particles surrounded by a lipid layer that can carry substances into and out of the cell. Artificial vesicles can be engineered to deliver drugs within the cell, with specific applications within transdermal drug delivery. However, the skin proves to be a barrier to effective penetration and delivery of drug therapies.
A drug carrier or drug vehicle is a substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug administration. [1] Drug carriers are primarily used to control the release of drugs into systemic circulation.
Transient vesicle fusion is driven by SNARE proteins, resulting in release of vesicle contents into the extracellular space (or in case of neurons in the synaptic cleft). The merging of the donor and the acceptor membranes accomplishes three tasks: The surface of the plasma membrane increases (by the surface of the fused vesicle).
Therefore, the chemical characteristics of a drug will determine its distribution within an organism. For example, a liposoluble drug will tend to accumulate in body fat and water-soluble drugs will tend to accumulate in extracellular fluids. The volume of distribution (V D) of a drug is a property that quantifies the extent of its distribution ...
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