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The mucosal immune system consists of a cellular component, humoral immunity, and defense mechanisms that prevent the invasion of microorganisms and harmful foreign substances into the body. These defense mechanisms can be divided into physical barriers ( epithelial lining , mucus , cilia function , intestinal peristalsis , etc.) and chemical ...
Gastrointestinal endoscopy may be used or patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease Helicobacter pylori testing may also be used; Trial medications may be beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of: GERD/dyspepsia: Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers; Abdominal wall strain: Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Anxiety: Lorazepam
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue lies throughout the intestine, covering an area of approximately 260–300 m 2. [5] In order to increase the surface area for absorption, the intestinal mucosa is made up of finger-like projections (), covered by a monolayer of epithelial cells, which separates the GALT from the lumen intestine and its contents.
The second and third lines of defense operate by making changes to the buffers, each of which consists of two components: a weak acid and its conjugate base. [ 5 ] [ 13 ] It is the ratio concentration of the weak acid to its conjugate base that determines the pH of the solution. [ 14 ]
[13] [14] In the stomach, gastric acid serves as a chemical defense against ingested pathogens. [15] Within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available ...
Bismuth-based quadruple therapy is recommended as first line therapy for patients in areas with high clarithromycin resistance (> 20%), in patients who have previously been treated with a macrolide antibiotic, or as second-line therapy for patients whose infection persists after an initial course of triple therapy.
Acute inflammation may be regarded as the first line of defense against injury. Acute inflammatory response requires constant stimulation to be sustained. Inflammatory mediators are short-lived and are quickly degraded in the tissue. Hence, acute inflammation begins to cease once the stimulus has been removed. [9]
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder defined by symptoms arising from the gastroduodenal region in the absence of an underlying organic disease that could easily explain the symptoms. [3] Characteristic symptoms include epigastric burning, epigastric pain, postprandial fullness, and
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