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Cyanosis is the change of body tissue color to a bluish-purple hue, as a result of decrease in the amount of oxygen bound to the hemoglobin in the red blood cells of the capillary bed. [1] Cyanosis is apparent usually in the body tissues covered with thin skin , including the mucous membranes , lips, nail beds , and ear lobes. [ 1 ]
Most red blood cells are released into the blood as reticulocytes. Polychromasia occurs when the immature reticulocytes of the bone marrow are released, resulting in a grayish blue color of the cells. This color is seen because of the ribosomes still left on the immature blood cells, which are not found on mature red blood cells.
O 2-bound form of a hemocyanin active site (the Cu 2 center is a dication, charge not shown). Hemocyanin is homologous to the phenol oxidases (e.g. tyrosinase ) since both proteins have histidine residues, called "type 3" copper-binding coordination centers, as do the enzymes tyrosinase and catechol oxidase . [ 19 ]
Cu 2+-SOD + O 2 − → Cu +-SOD + O 2 (reduction of copper; oxidation of superoxide) The protein hemocyanin is the oxygen carrier in most mollusks and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). [3] Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based hemoglobin.
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent haematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an ...
Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening. Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells. The latter reaction is a remnant activity of the more ancient nitric oxide dioxygenase function of globins.
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein that gives red blood cells their color and facilitates transportation of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. [3] Red blood cells are the most abundant cell in the blood, accounting for about 40–45% of its volume. Red blood cells are circular ...
For instance, structures in the bone marrow produce new red blood cells constantly, while skeletal muscle damage can be repaired by underlying satellite cells, which fuse to become a new skeletal muscle cell. [3] Culture of rat brain cells stained with antibody to MAP2 (green), Neurofilament NF-H (red) and DNA (blue). MAP2 is found in neuronal ...