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Consequently Luna 1 missed its target by 5,995 kilometers (3,725 mi). The spacecraft passed within 5,995–6,400 kilometers (3,725–3,977 mi) of the Moon's surface on 4 January after 34 hours of flight, and then became the first human made object to leave Earth's orbit on January 6, 1959. [2] [1] Luna 1 ran out of battery power on 5 January ...
The Luna 8K72 vehicles were carrier rockets used by the Soviet Union for nine space probe launch attempts in the Luna programme between 23 September 1958 and 16 April 1960. [1] Like many other Soviet launchers of that era, the Luna 8K72 vehicles were derived from the R-7 Semyorka design, part of the R-7 (rocket family) , which was also the ...
Luna 17 (November 1970) and Luna 21 (January 1973) carried Lunokhod vehicles, which were the first robotic wheeled vehicles to explore the Moon's terrain. [9] Lunokhod 1 travelled 10.5 kilometres (6.5 mi) in 322 days and returned more than 20,000 television images and 206 high-resolution panoramas. [ 19 ]
Luna E-1 No.1: USSR: 23 September 1958 impactor failure launch vehicle failure Pioneer 1: NASA/ DoD: 11 October 1958 orbiter failure second stage premature shutdown; maximum altitude 113,800 km; some data returned 1958-007A: Luna E-1 No.2: USSR: 12 October 1958 impactor failure launch vehicle failure Pioneer 2: NASA/ STL: 8 November 1958 ...
While the NII-1 was responsible for the rocket, the launch and transporter-loader vehicles were designed by the TsNII-58. The initial system name was S-125A "Pion". [2] In 1957, the prototypes of the launch vehicle (SPU S-123A on a Ob'yekt 160 chassis), the transloader (TZM S-124A on a Ob'yekt 161 chassis) and the 3R5 rocket were ready for ...
'lightning', GRAU index: 8K78M) was a Soviet and Russian launch vehicle derived from the R-7 Semyorka Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). [1] [2] The original 8K78 booster had been the product of a rushed development program and its launch record was no better than the 8K72 Luna booster of 1958–1960.
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The duration of the spaceflight of Surveyor 1 was about 63 hours, 30 minutes. Surveyor 1's lunar launch weight was about 995.2 kilograms (2,194 lb), and its landing weight (minus expended maneuvering propellant, its solid-fueled retrorocket (which had been jettisoned), and its radar altimeter system) was about 294.3 kilograms (649 lb).