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  2. Hindustani phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_phonology

    The series of so-called voice aspirates should now properly be considered to involve the voicing mechanism of murmur, in which the air flow passes through an aperture between the arytenoid cartilages, as opposed to passing between the ligamental vocal bands."

  3. Untranslatability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability

    Untranslatability is the property of text or speech for which no equivalent can be found when translated into another (given) language. A text that is considered to be untranslatable is considered a lacuna, or lexical gap. The term arises when describing the difficulty of achieving the so-called perfect translation.

  4. Apabhraṃśa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhraṃśa

    The term Prakrit, which includes Pali, is also used as a cover term for the vernaculars of North India that were spoken perhaps as late as the 4th to 8th centuries, but some scholars use the term for the entire Middle Indo-Aryan period. Middle Indo-Aryan languages gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśa dialects, which were used until about ...

  5. Hindi literature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_literature

    The rhetoric of satire is called Vyangya in Hindi. Vyangya writings includes the essence of sarcasm and humour. Vyangya writings includes the essence of sarcasm and humour. Some of the better known writers in this genre are, Harishankar Parsai (Hindi: हरिशंकर परसाई) (22 August 1924 – 1995) was a Hindi writer.

  6. Hindi - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi

    The Government of India uses Hunterian transliteration as its official system of writing Hindi in the Latin script. Various other systems also exist, such as IAST, ITRANS and ISO 15919. Romanised Hindi, also called Hinglish, is the dominant form of Hindi online.

  7. Language death - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death

    A related term is linguicide, [1] the death of a language from natural or political causes, and, rarely, glottophagy, the absorption or replacement of a minor language by a major language. [ 2 ] Language death is a process in which the level of a speech community 's linguistic competence in their language variety decreases, eventually resulting ...

  8. Devanagari - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari

    The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with the "।" symbol (called a daṇḍa, meaning "bar", or called a pūrṇa virām, meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double-daṇḍa, a "॥" symbol. A comma (called an alpa virām, meaning "short stop/pause") is used to denote a natural pause in speech.

  9. Sanskrit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit

    Lipi is the term in Sanskrit which means "writing, letters, alphabet". It contextually refers to scripts, the art or any manner of writing or drawing. [ 98 ] The term, in the sense of a writing system, appears in some of the earliest Buddhist, Hindu, and Jaina texts.