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A hypha consists of one or more cells surrounded by a tubular cell wall. In most fungi, hyphae are divided into cells by internal cross-walls called "septa" (singular septum). Septa are usually perforated by pores large enough for ribosomes, mitochondria, and sometimes nuclei to flow between cells.
A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665. [3] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.
Similar haustoria are found in biotrophic plant, animal and fungal pathogens in several other major fungal lineages. Like most other zygomycete fungi, the Zoopagomycotina have cell walls containing chitin and have coenocytic (nonseptate) hyphae. Their vegetative body consists of a simple, branched or unbranched thallus.
Gram stain of Candida albicans from a vaginal swab, showing hyphae, and chlamydospores, which are 2–4 μm in diameter.. A chlamydospore is the thick-walled large resting spore of several kinds of fungi, including Ascomycota such as Candida, [1] Basidiomycota such as Panus, [2] and various Mortierellales species. [3]
Structure of a typical animal cell Structure of a typical plant cell. Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.
Typical fungal cell wall structure. Zygomycetes exhibit a special structure of cell wall. Most fungi have chitin as structural polysaccharide, while zygomycetes synthesize chitosan, the deacetylated homopolymer of chitin. Chitin is built of β-1,4 bonded N-acetyl glucosamine. Fungal hyphae grow at the tip.
Light micrograph of a moss's leaf cells at 400X magnification. The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology: . Cell biology – A branch of biology that includes study of cells regarding their physiological properties, structure, and function; the organelles they contain; interactions with their environment; and their life cycle, division, and death.
Curvularia geniculata rarely contributes to human disease and has been reported in a few cases of keratitis, [1] inflammatory disease often of the feet (mycetomas), [1] (endocarditis) [4] and peritonitis. [12] The fungus enters into the human body via injury to the eye, colonization of the sinus, [4] penetration of the skin or inhalation. [12]