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A vernier caliper clamping on an object. Caliper(s) or calliper(s) are an instrument used to measure the linear dimensions of an object or hole; namely, the length, width, thickness, diameter or depth of an object or hole. The word "caliper" comes from a corrupt form of caliber. [1] [2] [3]
Calibers fall into four general categories by size: [citation needed] miniature-bore historically refers to calibers with a diameter of 0.22 inches (5.6 mm) or smaller; small-bore refers to calibers with a diameter of 0.32 inches (8.1 mm) or smaller; medium-bore refers to calibers with a diameter of 0.33 inches (8.4 mm) to 0.39 inches (9.9 mm)
Bullet diameter Case length Cartridge length Type ... [inside-lubricated .32 Long Colt variant] ... Starline cartridge dimensions 9 mm Mars.360 9.1: 1.036 26.3: 1.426
Common rifle cartridges, from the largest .50 BMG to the smallest .22 Long Rifle with a $1 United States dollar bill in the background as a reference point.. This is a table of selected pistol/submachine gun and rifle/machine gun cartridges by common name.
Calipers measure the female minor diameter (inside diameter, ID), which is less than caliper measurement of the male major diameter (outside diameter, OD). For example, tables of caliper measurements show 0.69 female ID and 0.75 male OD for the standards of "3/4 SAE J512" threads and "3/4-14 UNF JIS SAE-J514 ISO 8434-2". [6]
The 7.62 mm designation refers to the internal diameter of the barrel at the lands (the raised helical ridges in rifled gun barrels). The actual bullet caliber is often 7.82 mm (0.308 in), although Soviet weapons commonly use a 7.91 mm (0.311 in) bullet, as do older British ( .303 British ) and Japanese ( 7.7×58mm Arisaka ) cartridges.
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