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Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and economically devastating infectious disease affecting beef cattle in the world. [1] It is a complex, bacterial or viral infection that causes pneumonia in calves which can be fatal. It also affects many other species of feedlot animals like sheep and pigs, but is most prominent in calves. [2]
This disease affects the upper respiratory tract as well as the reproductive tract of cattle, and is commonly found in feedlots across North America. [2] Clinical symptoms include fever, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, conjunctivitis and loss of appetite. Ulcers commonly occur in the mouth and nose.
Pasteurella multocida (subspecies P. m. septica and P. m. multocida) is carried in the mouth and respiratory tract of various animals, including pigs. [2] It is a small, Gram-negative bacillus with bipolar staining by Wayson stain. In animals, it can originate in fulminant septicaemia (chicken cholera), but is also a common commensal.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) or hoof-and-mouth disease (HMD) is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that primarily affects even-toed ungulates, including domestic and wild bovids. [1] [2] The virus causes a high fever lasting two to six days, followed by blisters inside the mouth and near the hoof that may rupture and cause lameness.
P. multocida is the cause of a range of diseases in mammals and birds, including fowl cholera in poultry, atrophic rhinitis in pigs, and bovine hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle and buffalo. It can also cause a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from domestic pets.
Bovine papular stomatitis is a zoonotic farmyard pox caused by Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), which can spread from infected cattle to cause disease in milkers, farmers and veterinarians. [2] Generally there are usually one or multiple skin lesions, typically on the hands or forearm. [2] The disease is generally mild. [3]
It causes chronic respiratory disease (CRD) in chickens and infectious sinusitis in turkeys, chickens, game birds, pigeons, and passerine birds of all ages. [1] [2] Mycoplasma gallisepticum is a significant pathogen in poultry. Mycoplasmosis is the disease caused by infection with mycoplasmas. Mycoplasmas have many defining characteristics.
The disease affects all ages of chickens. The disease can persist in the flock for 2-3 weeks and signs of the disease are seen 1–3 days after infection. Transmission of the disease is through direct interaction, airborne droplets, and drinking contaminated water. Chickens having infection and those carriers contribute highly to the disease ...