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The second law can be conceptually stated [67] as follows: Matter and energy have the tendency to reach a state of uniformity or internal and external equilibrium, a state of maximum disorder (entropy). Real non-equilibrium processes always produce entropy, causing increased disorder in the universe, while idealized reversible processes produce ...
The two dots on top of the x position vectors denote their second derivative with respect to time, or their acceleration vectors. Adding and subtracting these two equations decouples them into two one-body problems, which can be solved independently. Adding equations (1) and results in an equation describing the center of mass motion.
The history of thermodynamics is fundamentally interwoven with the history of physics and the history of chemistry, and ultimately dates back to theories of heat in antiquity. The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress made in this field over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Solutions are also used to describe the motion of binary stars around each other, and estimate their gradual loss of energy through gravitational radiation. General relativity describes the gravitational field by curved space-time; the field equations governing this curvature are nonlinear and therefore difficult to solve in a closed form .
The history of perpetual motion machines dates at least back to the Middle Ages. For millennia, it was not clear whether perpetual motion devices were possible or not, but modern theories of thermodynamics have shown that they are impossible. Despite this, many attempts have been made to construct such machines, continuing into modern times.
Second Law of Nature: Each moving thing if left to itself moves in a straight line; so any body moving in a circle always tends to move away from the centre of the circle. According to American philosopher Richard J. Blackwell, Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens had worked out his own, concise version of the law in 1656. [116]
This conception of motion is consistent with Newton's first law of motion, inertia, which states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an external force. [16] This idea which dissented from the Aristotelian view was later described as "impetus" by John Buridan, who was likely influenced by Ibn Sina's Book of Healing.
1621 – Willebrord Snellius reformulates the laws of refraction and reflection of light into Snell's law. [13] 1660 – Robert Hooke postulates the simplest equation of linear elasticity known as Hooke's law. [14] 1687 – Isaac Newton postulates the Newton's laws of motion. [15] 1729 – Scientist Stephen Gray discovers the electrical ...