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According to the Life-span model of motivation the personal goals that individuals set are a function of the opportunities and challenges that are present in their social environment. Personal goals are an important determinant to the way individuals direct their development . [ 1 ]
The lifespan perspectives of personality are based on the plasticity principle, the principle that personality traits are open systems that can be influenced by the environment at any age. [5] Large-scale longitudinal studies have demonstrated that the most active period of personality development appears to be between the ages of 20–40. [ 5 ]
Heckhausen worked with Richard Schulz and formulated the life-span theory of control, their journal article was published in 1995 as A life-span theory of control. [2] Further developments of their conceptual framework into a motivational theory of life-span development were published with co-author Carsten Wrosch in 2010 and 2019.
For humans, the Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model (FFM) or the OCEAN model, is the prevailing model for personality traits. When factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, some words or questionnaire items used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person.
Erik Erikson and Carl Jung proposed stage theories [2] [3] of human development that encompass the entire life span, and emphasized the potential for positive change very late in life. The concept of adulthood has legal and socio-cultural definitions. The legal definition [4] of an adult is a person
Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; developed by Stanford psychologist Laura L. Carstensen) is a life-span theory of motivation.The theory maintains that as time horizons shrink, as they typically do with age, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals and activities.
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The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an inventory for personality traits devised by Cloninger et al. [1] It is closely related to and an outgrowth of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and it has also been related to the dimensions of personality in Zuckerman's alternative five and Eysenck's models [2] and those of the five factor model.