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Bell Labs [b] is an American industrial research and development (R&D) company, currently operating as a subsidiary of Finnish technology company Nokia.With a long history, Bell Labs is credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages ...
NASA spin-off technologies are commercial products and services which have been developed with the help of NASA, through research and development contracts, such as Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) or STTR awards, licensing of NASA patents, use of NASA facilities, technical assistance from NASA personnel, or data from NASA research.
Robert K. Merton defined such "multiples" as instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other. [1] "Sometimes", writes Merton, "the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before." [2]
The Indus Valley script remains undeciphered and there are very little surviving fragments of its writing, thus any inference about scientific discoveries in that region must be made based only on archaeological digs. The following dates are approximations. The Nippur cubit-rod, c. 2650 BCE, in the Archeological Museum of Istanbul, Turkey
The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are often found.
Congress eventually approved funding of US$36 million for 1978, and the design of the LST began in earnest, aiming for a launch date of 1983. [27] In 1983, the telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, [30] who confirmed one of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 20th century, made by Georges Lemaître, that the universe is expanding. [31]
Company name Spacecraft Range Launch system Crew size Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power system First spaceflight* Status Blue Origin: Biconic Space Vehicle LEO: New Glenn: Planned date not known Development Boeing: CST-100 Starliner: LEO: Multiple, initially Atlas V: 7 [16] 5.03 [17] 4.56 [17] 13,000 Solar panels Crewed: 5 June 2024
It was independently developed by Paul C. Fisher, founder of the Fisher Pen Company, with $1 million of his own funds. [19] NASA tested and approved the pen for space use, then purchased 400 pens at $6 per pen. [20] The Soviet Union subsequently also purchased the Space Pen for its Soyuz spaceflights. [21]