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Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of computer science and especially artificial intelligence.It is primarily concerned with providing computers with the ability to process data encoded in natural language and is thus closely related to information retrieval, knowledge representation and computational linguistics, a subfield of linguistics.
The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where, for example, the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier. [1] It has also been used for computer vision .
Natural language generation (NLG) is a software process that produces natural language output. A widely-cited survey of NLG methods describes NLG as "the subfield of artificial intelligence and computational linguistics that is concerned with the construction of computer systems that can produce understandable texts in English or other human languages from some underlying non-linguistic ...
[14] [15] Winograd continued to be a major influence in the field with the publication of his book Language as a Cognitive Process. [16] At Stanford, Winograd would later advise Larry Page, who co-founded Google. In the 1970s and 1980s, the natural language processing group at SRI International continued research and development in the field.
Natural-language programming (NLP) is an ontology-assisted way of programming in terms of natural-language sentences, e.g. English. [1] A structured document with Content, sections and subsections for explanations of sentences forms a NLP document, which is actually a computer program. Natural language programming is not to be mixed up with ...
This model paved the way for research to split into two approaches. One approach focused on biological processes while the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence. In the late 1940s, D. O. Hebb [14] proposed a learning hypothesis based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that became known as Hebbian ...
It is accompanied by a book that explains the underlying concepts behind the language processing tasks supported by the toolkit, [6] plus a cookbook. [ 7 ] NLTK is intended to support research and teaching in NLP or closely related areas, including empirical linguistics , cognitive science , artificial intelligence , information retrieval , and ...
Inductive logic programming has adopted several different learning settings, the most common of which are learning from entailment and learning from interpretations. [16] In both cases, the input is provided in the form of background knowledge B, a logical theory (commonly in the form of clauses used in logic programming), as well as positive and negative examples, denoted + and respectively.