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  2. Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

    By the late Enlightenment, there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education, particularly after the American Revolution and the French Revolution. The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward, especially in northern European countries, was associationism : the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ...

  3. Age of Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Revolution

    The Age of Revolution is a period from the late-18th to the mid-19th centuries during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred in most of Europe and the Americas. [2] The period is noted for the change from absolutist monarchies to representative governments with a written constitution , and the creation of nation states .

  4. French Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution

    The French Revolution (French: Révolution française [ʁevɔlysjɔ̃ fʁɑ̃sɛːz]) was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.

  5. Causes of the French Revolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Causes_of_the_French_Revolution

    The financial crisis of the French crown played a role in creating the social background to the Revolution, generating widespread anger at the court, and (arguably most importantly) forcing Louis XVI to call the Estates-General. The court was deeply in debt, which in conjunction with a poor financial system, created a crisis. [31]

  6. List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intellectuals_of...

    Closely identified with Enlightenment values, progressing from Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress"); leader in Weimar Classicism. Olympe de Gouges: 1748–1793: French: Playwright and activist who championed feminist politics, author of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. She was beheaded during the French Revolution ...

  7. History of socialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_socialism

    The history of socialism has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment and the 1789 French Revolution, along with the changes that brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1847-48 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what ...

  8. Counter-Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment

    The Counter-Enlightenment refers to a loose collection of intellectual stances that arose during the European Enlightenment in opposition to its mainstream attitudes and ideals. The Counter-Enlightenment is generally seen to have continued from the 18th century into the early 19th century, especially with the rise of Romanticism .

  9. Salon (France) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_(France)

    Goodman is typical in ending her study at The French Revolution where, she writes: 'the literary public sphere was transformed into the political public'. [1] Steven Kale is relatively alone in his recent attempts to extend the period of the salon up until Revolution of 1848 . [ 2 ]