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The line segments AB and CD are orthogonal to each other. In mathematics, orthogonality is the generalization of the geometric notion of perpendicularity.Whereas perpendicular is typically followed by to when relating two lines to one another (e.g., "line A is perpendicular to line B"), [1] orthogonal is commonly used without to (e.g., "orthogonal lines A and B").
In Euclidean space, two vectors are orthogonal if and only if their dot product is zero, i.e. they make an angle of 90° (radians), or one of the vectors is zero. [4] Hence orthogonality of vectors is an extension of the concept of perpendicular vectors to spaces of any dimension.
In mathematics, orthogonal functions belong to a function space that is a vector space equipped with a bilinear form. When the function space has an interval as the domain , the bilinear form may be the integral of the product of functions over the interval:
The orthogonal group is an algebraic group and a Lie group. It is compact. The orthogonal group in dimension n has two connected components. The one that contains the identity element is a normal subgroup, called the special orthogonal group, and denoted SO(n). It consists of all orthogonal matrices of determinant 1.
Perpendicularity is one particular instance of the more general mathematical concept of orthogonality; perpendicularity is the orthogonality of classical geometric objects. Thus, in advanced mathematics, the word "perpendicular" is sometimes used to describe much more complicated geometric orthogonality conditions, such as that between a ...
A conformal map acting on a rectangular grid. Note that the orthogonality of the curved grid is retained. While vector operations and physical laws are normally easiest to derive in Cartesian coordinates, non-Cartesian orthogonal coordinates are often used instead for the solution of various problems, especially boundary value problems, such as those arising in field theories of quantum ...
The group depends only on the dimension n of the space, and is commonly denoted E(n) or ISO(n), for inhomogeneous special orthogonal group. The Euclidean group E( n ) comprises all translations , rotations , and reflections of E n {\displaystyle \mathbb {E} ^{n}} ; and arbitrary finite combinations of them.
In the mathematical fields of linear algebra and functional analysis, the orthogonal complement of a subspace of a vector space equipped with a bilinear form is the set of all vectors in that are orthogonal to every vector in .