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Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
The Steel Industry of China: Its Present Status and Future Potential (1999) Hogan, William T. Minimills and Integrated Mills: A Comparison of Steelmaking in the United States (1987) Meny, Yves. Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974–1984) (1986) Scheuerman, William.
The Ottoman wars in Europe marked an essential part of the history of the continent. The Holy Roman Empire was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of state-like entities . A key 15th-century development was the advent of the movable type of printing press circa 1439 in Mainz, [ 51 ] building upon the impetus provided by the prior ...
A timeline of the EU – BBC News. The history of the European Union – Europa; European Union Politics Timeline - Oxford University Press: European Union Politics Resource Centre; Archival material concerning the history of the European Union can be consulted at the Historical Archives of the European Union in Florence
Progress was made in the 16th century, and Gerard Mercator gave an accurate representation of all of Europe, including Scandinavia shown as a peninsula. Circa 2014 there are maps of Europe that focus on the unemployment rate of each country, the expansion of member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and more.
Satellite image of Europe by night 1916 physical map of Europe Topography of Europe. Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries. In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby
Metallurgists throughout medieval Europe were generally free to move within different regions. For instance, German metallurgists in search of rich precious metal ores took the lead in mining and influenced the course of metal production, not only in East and South Germany but also in almost all of Central Europe and the Eastern Alps .
Infighting was a constant in al-Andalus due to the conflicting interests of the various racial and religious communities living there. The dominant aristocracy of Arab origin was frequently opposed by Berbers, Hispania-romans, Mozarabs, Muladis, Jews, Slavs and freed slaves from the north of the peninsula or from Central Europe.