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  2. NP (complexity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP_(complexity)

    NP and co-NP together form the first level in the polynomial hierarchy, higher only than P. NP is defined using only deterministic machines. If we permit the verifier to be probabilistic (this, however, is not necessarily a BPP machine [6]), we get the class MA solvable using an Arthur–Merlin protocol with no communication from Arthur to Merlin.

  3. NP-hardness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-hardness

    As it is suspected, but unproven, that P≠NP, it is unlikely that any polynomial-time algorithms for NP-hard problems exist. [3] [4] A simple example of an NP-hard problem is the subset sum problem. Informally, if H is NP-hard, then it is at least as difficult to solve as the problems in NP.

  4. P versus NP problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_versus_NP_problem

    An important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in P, NP-complete, or NP-intermediate. The answer is not known, but it is believed that the problem is at least not NP-complete. [20] If graph isomorphism is NP-complete, the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level. [21]

  5. Complexity class - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexity_class

    A problem is hard for a class of problems C if every problem in C can be polynomial-time reduced to . Thus no problem in C is harder than , since an algorithm for allows us to solve any problem in C with at most polynomial slowdown. Of particular importance, the set of problems that are hard for NP is called the set of NP-hard problems.

  6. 10 Hard Math Problems That Even the Smartest People in the ...

    www.aol.com/10-hard-math-problems-even-150000090...

    Goldbach’s Conjecture. One of the greatest unsolved mysteries in math is also very easy to write. Goldbach’s Conjecture is, “Every even number (greater than two) is the sum of two primes ...

  7. Closest string - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closest_string

    In theoretical computer science, the closest string is an NP-hard computational problem, [1] which tries to find the geometrical center of a set of input strings. To understand the word "center", it is necessary to define a distance between two strings. Usually, this problem is studied with the Hamming distance in mind.

  8. 4 Pics 1 Word Cheats- Answering Difficult Puzzles - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/2013-02-20-4-pics-1-word-cheats...

    Warning: This article contains spoilers. 4 Pics 1 Word continues to delight and frustrate us. Occasionally, we'll rattle off four to five puzzles with little effort before getting stuck for ...

  9. Bin packing problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_packing_problem

    Computationally, the problem is NP-hard, and the corresponding decision problem, deciding if items can fit into a specified number of bins, is NP-complete. Despite its worst-case hardness, optimal solutions to very large instances of the problem can be produced with sophisticated algorithms. In addition, many approximation algorithms exist.