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The highest prevalence estimates of reported alcohol use during pregnancy were among women who are aged 35–44 years (14.3%), white (8.3%), college graduates (10.0%), or employed (9.6%). [115] In 2015, about 10% of pregnant women drank alcohol in the past month, and 20% to 30% drank at some point during the pregnancy. [34]
Iceland: Advise that pregnant women abstain from alcohol during pregnancy because no safe consumption level exists. [25] Israel: Women should avoid consuming alcohol before and during pregnancy [25] [43] The Netherlands: Abstinence [25] New Zealand: "Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should avoid drinking alcohol." [44]
The American Academy of Pediatrics established a conservative set of recommendations in 2015: "During pregnancy:no amount of alcohol intake should be considered safe; there is no safe trimester to drink alcohol; all forms of alcohol, such as beer, wine, and liquor, pose similar risk; and binge drinking poses dose-related risk to the developing ...
In pregnant women, alcohol is carried to all of the mother's organs and tissues, including the placenta, where it easily crosses through the membrane separating the maternal and fetal blood systems. When a pregnant woman drinks an alcoholic beverage, the concentration of alcohol in her unborn baby's bloodstream is the same level as her own.
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The National Institute on Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse defines a "standard drink" as 14 grams of pure alcohol, which it quantifies in these amounts: 12 ounces of beer 8 to 9 ounces of malt liquor
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The health benefits of a modest alcohol consumption reported in people of European descent appear not to exist among people of African descent. [18] Higher body masses and the prevalence of high levels of alcohol dehydrogenase in an individual increase alcohol tolerance, and both adult weight and enzymes vary with ethnicity.