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[1] [2] Waddell's signs may indicate non-organic or psychological component to chronic low back pain. Historically they have also been used to detect malingering in patients with back pain. While testing takes less than one minute, [2] it has been described as time-consuming and alternatives have been proposed. [3]
The WOMAC has also been used to assess back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and fibromyalgia. It can be self-administered and was developed at Western Ontario and McMaster Universities in 1982. [1] Higher scores indicate worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations.
The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is an index derived from the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire used by clinicians and researchers to quantify disability for low back pain and quality of life. This validated questionnaire was first published by Jeremy Fairbank et al. in Physiotherapy in 1980. [1]
A patient's self-reported pain is so critical in the pain assessment method that it has been described as the "most valid measure" of pain. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The focus on patient report of pain is an essential aspect of any pain scale, but there are additional features that should be included in a pain scale.
Back pain has been linked to depression, anxiety, stress, and avoidance behaviors due to mentally not being able to cope with the physical pain. Both acute and chronic back pain can be associated with psychological distress in the form of anxiety (worries, stress) or depression (sadness, discouragement).
“Back pain is very common, about 80-90% of people in the U.S. will have back pain at some point during their life. Pain tends to increase with age and the statistics showed that the percentage ...
The McGill Pain Questionnaire, also known as McGill Pain Index, is a scale of rating pain developed at McGill University by Melzack and Torgerson in 1971. [1] It is a self-report questionnaire that allows individuals to give their doctor a good description of the quality and intensity of pain that they are experiencing.
Spoilers ahead! We've warned you. We mean it. Read no further until you really want some clues or you've completely given up and want the answers ASAP. Get ready for all of today's NYT ...