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The concept of śūnyatā as "emptiness" is related to the concept of anatta in early Buddhism. [8] Over time, many different philosophical schools or tenet-systems (Sanskrit: siddhānta ) [ 9 ] have developed within Buddhism in an effort to explain the exact philosophical meaning of emptiness.
The emptiness that is reached by rational analysis (this is actually only an analogue, and not the real thing). The emptiness that yogis fathom by means of their own individual gnosis (prajña). This is the real ultimate truth, which is reached by negating the previous rational understanding of emptiness.
The teachings of Zen are expressed by a set of polarities: Buddha-nature - sunyata, [42] [43] absolute-relative, [44] sudden and gradual enlightenment. [45] The Prajnaparamita Sutras and Madhyamaka emphasized the non-duality of form and emptiness: form is emptiness, emptiness is form, as the Heart Sutra says. [44]
Nāgārjuna's major thematic focus is the concept of śūnyatā (translated into English as "emptiness") which brings together other key Buddhist doctrines, particularly anātman "not-self" and pratītyasamutpāda "dependent origination", to refute the metaphysics of some of his contemporaries.
Furthermore, according to Kochumuttom, in Yogācāra "the absolute state is defined simply as emptiness, namely the emptiness of subject-object distinction. Once thus defined as emptiness ( sunyata ), it receives a number of synonyms, none of which betray idealism."
The primordial or undefiled mind, the tathāgatagārbha, is also often equated with the Buddhist philosophical concept of emptiness (śūnyatā, a Mādhyamaka concept); [9] with the storehouse-consciousness (ālāyavijñāna, a Yogācāra concept); [9] and with the interpenetration of all dharmas (in East Asian traditions like Huayan).
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In Buddhism, the three marks of existence are three characteristics (Pali: tilakkhaṇa; Sanskrit: त्रिलक्षण trilakṣaṇa) of all existence and beings, namely anicca (impermanence), dukkha (commonly translated as "suffering" or "cause of suffering", "unsatisfactory", "unease"), [note 1] and anattā (without a lasting essence).