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Sporothrix schenckii, a fungus that can be found worldwide in the environment, is named for medical student Benjamin Schenck, who in 1896 was the first to isolate it from a human specimen. [1] The species is present in soil as well as in and on living and decomposing plant material such as peat moss .
Wanted immunogenicity typically relates to vaccines, where the injection of an antigen (the vaccine) provokes an immune response against the pathogen, protecting the organism from future exposure. Immunogenicity is a central aspect of vaccine development. [1] Unwanted immunogenicity is an immune response by an organism against a therapeutic ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 25 November 2024. Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease This article is about administration of a vaccine. For the vaccines themselves, see vaccine. See also: Immunization Medical intervention Vaccinations Girl about to be vaccinated in her upper arm ICD-9-CM 99.3 - 99.5 [edit on ...
Until the 1880s vaccine/vaccination referred only to smallpox, but Louis Pasteur developed immunization methods for chicken cholera and anthrax in animals and for human rabies, and suggested that the terms vaccine/vaccination should be extended to cover the new procedures. This can cause confusion if care is not taken to specify which vaccine ...
The earliest recorded artificial induction of immunity in humans was by variolation or inoculation, which is the controlled infection of a subject with a less lethal natural form of smallpox (known as Variola Minor) to make him or her immune to re-infection with the more lethal natural form, Variola Major.
The vaccines do not contain any of the original fetal tissue or cells or cells derived from fetal materials. [5] Although the vaccine materials are purified from cell debris, traces of human DNA fragments remain. [6] [7] [8] The cell lines continue to replicate on their own and no further sources of fetal cells are needed. [5]
The main benefit of cell-based vaccines is the ability to rapidly produce vaccine supplies during an impending pandemic.Cell-based antigen production offer a faster and more stable production of vaccines compared to embryonic chicken eggs, which produce 1-2 vaccine doses per chicken egg. [8]
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules – including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides – located in extracellular fluids.