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  2. Prophase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophase

    Various DNA stains are used to treat cells such that condensing chromosomes can be visualized as the move through prophase. [ 4 ] The giemsa G-banding technique is commonly used to identify mammalian chromosomes , but utilizing the technology on plant cells was originally difficult due to the high degree of chromosome compaction in plant cells.

  3. Mitosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis

    In this stage, chromosomes are long, thin, and thread-like. Each chromosome has two chromatids. The two chromatids are joined at the centromere. Gene transcription ceases during prophase and does not resume until late anaphase to early G 1 phase. [40] [41] [42] The nucleolus also disappears during early prophase. [43]

  4. Spindle checkpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_checkpoint

    Once DNA replication has finished, in eukaryotes the DNA molecule is compacted and condensed, to form the mitotic chromosomes, each one constituted by two sister chromatids, which stay held together by the establishment of cohesion between them; each chromatid is a complete DNA molecule, attached via microtubules to one of the two centrosomes ...

  5. Cell division - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division

    After the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, the spindle fibers will pull them apart. The chromosomes are split apart while the sister chromatids move to opposite sides of the cell. [29] As the sister chromatids are being pulled apart, the cell and plasma are elongated by non-kinetochore microtubules. [30]

  6. Replication timing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_timing

    In eukaryotic cells (cells that package their DNA within a nucleus), chromosomes consist of very long linear double-stranded DNA molecules. During the S-phase of each cell cycle ( Figure 1 ), all of the DNA in a cell is duplicated in order to provide one copy to each of the daughter cells after the next cell division.

  7. Chromosome segregation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_segregation

    Chromosome segregation is the process in eukaryotes by which two sister chromatids formed as a consequence of DNA replication, or paired homologous chromosomes, separate from each other and migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus. This segregation process occurs during both mitosis and meiosis. Chromosome segregation also occurs in prokaryotes ...

  8. Cell cycle checkpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

    In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four main stages: G 1, during which a cell is metabolically active and continuously grows; S phase, during which DNA replication takes place; G 2, during which cell growth continues and the cell synthesizes various proteins in preparation for division; and the M phase, during which the duplicated ...

  9. Cell cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

    The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G 1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G 2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm and cell membrane divides forming two daughter cells.