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The ligaments of malleus are three ligaments that attach the malleus in the middle ear.They are the anterior, lateral and superior ligaments.. The anterior ligament of the malleus also known as Casserio's ligament [1] is a fibrous band that extends from the neck of the malleus just above its anterior process to the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity close to the petrotympanic fissure.
However, the stapedial muscle is innervated by the facial nerve while the tensor tympani is innervated by the trigeminal nerve. The tensor tympani pulls the manubrium of the malleus inwards and tightens it while the stapedial muscle pulls the stapes inward. This tightening damps the sound vibration that is allowed to penetrate the cochlea.
The lateral malleolus is found at the foot end of the fibula, of a pyramidal form, and somewhat flattened from side to side; it descends to a lower level than the medial malleolus. The medial surface presents in front a smooth triangular surface, convex from above downward, which articulates with a corresponding surface on the lateral side of ...
The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligament, which opposes the hyperinversion of the subtalar joint, as in a common type of ankle sprain. [1]
The developing superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle attaches to the anterior portion of the fetal disk. The disk also continues posteriorly through the petrotympanic fissure and attaches to the malleus of the middle ear. A growth center is located in the head of each mandibular condyle before an individual reaches maturity.
The anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus (anterior tibiofibular ligament or anterior inferior ligament) is a flat, trapezoidal band of fibers, broader below than above, which extends obliquely downward and lateralward between the adjacent margins of the tibia and fibula, on the front aspect of the syndesmosis.
The following table describes the IENFD values in males and females of a 3 mm biopsy 10 cm above the lateral malleolus (above ankle outer side of leg). [21] Any value measured below the 0.05 Quantile IENFD values per age span, is considered a reliable positive diagnosis for small fiber peripheral neuropathy. [21]
The head of the malleus is the large protruding section, which attaches to the incus. The head connects to the neck of malleus. The bone continues as the handle (or manubrium) of malleus, which connects to the tympanic membrane. [1] Between the neck and handle of the malleus, lateral and anterior processes emerge from the bone.