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Some database implementations adopted the term upsert (a portmanteau of update and insert) to a database statement, or combination of statements, that inserts a record to a table in a database if the record does not exist or, if the record already exists, updates the existing record. This synonym is used in PostgreSQL (v9.5+) [2] and SQLite (v3 ...
Any duplicate records are automatically removed unless UNION ALL is used. UNION can be useful in data warehouse applications where tables are not perfectly normalized . [ 2 ] A simple example would be a database having tables sales2005 and sales2006 that have identical structures but are separated because of performance considerations.
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...
PostgreSQL (/ ˌ p oʊ s t ɡ r ɛ s k j u ˈ ɛ l / POHST-gres-kew-EL) [11] [12] also known as Postgres, is a free and open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) emphasizing extensibility and SQL compliance.
A derived table is a subquery in a FROM clause. Essentially, the derived table is a subquery that can be selected from or joined to. Derived table functionality allows the user to reference the subquery as a table. The derived table also is referred to as an inline view or a select in from list.
Since surrogate keys replace a table's identifying attributes—the natural key—and since the identifying attributes are likely to be those queried, then the query optimizer is forced to perform a full table scan when fulfilling likely queries. The remedy to the full table scan is to apply indexes on the identifying attributes, or sets of them.
Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality. MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that CREATE SCHEMA and CREATE DATABASE are analogs.
Materialized views that store data based on remote tables were also known as snapshots [5] (deprecated Oracle terminology). In any database management system following the relational model, a view is a virtual table representing the result of a database query. Whenever a query or an update addresses an ordinary view's virtual table, the DBMS ...