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A female aphid lives for 9 to 25 days and can produce from 25 to 125 young during its life. There may be up to twenty generations in the year. By November winged forms have developed and eggs are laid before winter sets in. [6] In warmer climates, parthenogenetic reproduction takes place throughout the year.
The galls occur when female aphids lay a single egg on the underside of the sumac leaf, inducing the leaf to form a sac over the egg. [5] According to Hebert et al, the eggs "give rise to a series of parthenogenetic generations, which remain within the gall. Winged females leave the gall in late summer and fly to moss, where they establish ...
Aphidius wasps are endoparasitoids of aphids. The female wasp lays eggs in an aphid. When the eggs hatch, the wasp larvae feed on the inside of the aphid. As the larvae mature, the hosts die and become slightly enlarged or mummified, often becoming tan or yellow. Complete metamorphosis occurs within the host.
Aphid giving birth to live young: populations are often entirely female. In autumn, aphids reproduce sexually and lay eggs. Environmental factors such as a change in photoperiod and temperature, or perhaps a lower food quantity or quality, causes females to parthenogenetically produce sexual females and males. [56]
Winged aphids can then colonize other host plants. Pea aphids also show hereditary body color variations of green or red/pink. The green morphs are generally more frequent in natural populations. [8] Acyrthosiphon pisum is a rather large aphid whose body can reach 4 millimetres (5 ⁄ 32 in) in adults. [8]
Stegophylla essigi, also known as the California woolly oak aphid, is a species of North American aphid. [1] It had been found on many California oaks, including blue oaks, valley oaks, Oregon white oaks, coast live oaks, interior live oaks, California black oaks, and scrub oaks. [2] Woolly oak aphids overwinter as eggs.
The fundatrix, or parthenogenetic female aphid produced on the primary host plant from an overwintering fertilized egg, is pale green; these individuals allow the second generation alatae to form within the gall. [5] The galls typically mature in late August to early September and change color from green to red over the course of maturation.
Female aphids reproduce by parthenogenesis, males have never been observed in the wild but have been produced under laboratory conditions. [10] Females may be wingless or winged ( alate ), the production of the alate form occurs a higher rate in those regions where it is necessary for oleander aphid to migrate each year on to temporary hosts.