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If at least one has a positive real part, the point is unstable. If at least one eigenvalue has negative real part and at least one has positive real part, the equilibrium is a saddle point and it is unstable. If all the eigenvalues are real and have the same sign the point is called a node.
Let : be a smooth map with hyperbolic fixed point at .We denote by () the stable set and by () the unstable set of .. The theorem [2] [3] [4] states that is a smooth manifold and its tangent space has the same dimension as the stable space of the linearization of at .
The simplest kind of an orbit is a fixed point, or an equilibrium. If a mechanical system is in a stable equilibrium state then a small push will result in a localized motion, for example, small oscillations as in the case of a pendulum. In a system with damping, a stable equilibrium state is moreover asymptotically stable. On the other hand ...
If is a hyperbolic periodic point, the stable manifold theorem assures that for some neighborhood of , the local stable and unstable sets are embedded disks, whose tangent spaces at are and (the stable and unstable spaces of ()), respectively; moreover, they vary continuously (in a certain sense) in a neighborhood of in the topology of () (the ...
If < there are two equilibrium points, a stable equilibrium point at and an unstable one at +. At = (the bifurcation point) there is exactly one equilibrium point. At this point the fixed point is no longer hyperbolic. In this case the fixed point is called a saddle-node fixed point.
In several typical examples, the system has only one stable fixed point at low values of the parameter. A saddle-node bifurcation gives rise to a pair of new fixed points emerging, one stable and the other unstable, at a critical value of the parameter. The unstable solution can then form another saddle-node bifurcation with the initial stable ...
If μ is greater than 1 the system has two fixed points, one at 0, and the other at μ/(μ + 1). Both fixed points are unstable, i.e. a value of x close to either fixed point will move away from it, rather than towards it. For example, when μ is 1.5 there is a fixed point at x = 0.6 (since 1.5(1 − 0.6) = 0.6) but starting at x = 0.61 we get
The unstable manifold of the fixed point in the attractor is contained in the strange attractor of the Hénon map. The Hénon map does not have a strange attractor for all values of the parameters a and b. For example, by keeping b fixed at 0.3 the bifurcation diagram shows that for a = 1.25 the Hénon map has a stable periodic orbit as an ...