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Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: referendum (plebiscite), initiative, and recall. The first two forms—referendums and initiatives—are examples of direct legislation. [3]
An instrument of direct democracy, it is in contrast to citizens (or "bottom-up") initiative that is initiated from the public. [2] [5] With initiated statutes and amendments, voters both initiate and decide on the change of law. In a legislative referral, they only approve or reject laws which their legislature votes to place before them.
The landmark judgments on the direct effect of Directives are Van Duyn v Home Office, [8] which established vertical direct effect of Directives, and Marshall v Southampton Health Authority, [9] which established that there is no horizontal direct effect of unimplemented directives. The horizontal direct effect of Directives is a contentious issue.
Public law is the part of law that governs relations and affairs between legal persons and a government, [1] between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, [2] as well as relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society. Public law comprises constitutional law, administrative law ...
Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions [1] [2] to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception [3] and often implemented by programs.
A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a direct vote by the electorate (rather than their representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. [1] A referendum may be either binding (resulting in the adoption of a new policy ) or advisory (functioning like a large-scale opinion poll ).
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A leading advocate of direct democracy was William S. U'Ren, who pressed the issue within the Oregon through the Direct Legislation League. [9] However, it was not all successful. Most notably, residents of Texas rejected the referendum because the version put on the ballot by the legislature required 20% of the vote.