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In geology, clay-with-flints is the name given by William Whitaker in 1861 to a peculiar deposit of stiff red, brown, or yellow clay containing unworn whole flints as well as angular shattered fragments, also with a variable admixture of rounded flint, quartz, quartzite, and other pebbles.
Another example of the use of spectral gamma ray logs is to identify specific clay types, like kaolinite or illite. This may be useful for interpreting the environment of deposition as kaolinite can form from feldspars in tropical soils by leaching of potassium; and low potassium readings may thus indicate the presence of one or more paleosols. [2]
Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, [1] [2] categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start fires. Flint occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones.
Mixed deposits can be identified and taken into consideration when determining the age. [13] Typical luminescence curves recorded during a SAR OSL sequence in the UV wavelength range (around 380 nm). Shown are TL preheat curves and OSL shine-down curves for the natural and regenerated luminescence signal and the test dose signals.
'Clay-with-flints' is a commonly occurring deposit across the North Downs which is a product of periglacial conditions during the last ice age. Loessic deposits, of Aeolian origin, i.e., windblown, are common in east Kent, especially on the northern slopes of the Downs where they are known as brickearths.
Bite Test; This is not recommended. This involves biting a mineral to see if it’s generally soft or hard. This was used in early gold exploration to tell the difference between pyrite (fools gold, hard) and gold (soft). Several of the minerals where a bite test could be diagnostic contain heavy metals.
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A concretion is a hard, compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. [1] Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur.