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The New Zealand land confiscations took place during the 1860s to punish the Kīngitanga movement for attempting to set up an alternative Māori form of government that forbade the selling of land to European settlers. The confiscation law targeted Kīngitanga Māori against whom the government had waged war to restore the rule of British law.
The Waitangi Sheet of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed on 6 February 1840 by representatives of the British Crown and Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand, with a further 500 signatures added later that year, including some from the South Island.
Iwi (tribes) whose land was the base of the main settlements quickly lost much of their land and autonomy through government acts. Others prospered – until about 1860 the city of Auckland bought most of its food from Māori who grew and sold it themselves. Many iwi owned flour mills, ships and other items of European technology, and some ...
The New Zealand Wars were previously referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars, [6] and an earlier Māori-language name for the conflict was Te riri Pākehā ("the white man's anger"). [6] Historian James Belich popularised the name "New Zealand Wars" in the 1980s, [ 16 ] although according to Vincent O'Malley , the term was first used by ...
The term land loss includes coastal erosion. It is a much broader term than coastal erosion because land loss also includes land converted to open water around the edges of estuaries and interior bays and lakes and by subsidence of coastal plain wetlands. The most important causes of land loss in coastal plains are erosion, inadequate sediment ...
Māori land under individual title became available to be sold to the colonial government or to settlers in private sales. Between 1840 and 1890, Māori sold 95 per cent of their land (63,000,000 of 66,000,000 acres (270,000 km 2) in 1890). In total 4 per cent of this was confiscated land, although about a quarter of this was returned. 300,000 ...
The company had already begun on-selling the land to prospective settlers in England with the expectation of securing its title. J. Houston, writing in Maori Life in Old Taranaki (1965), observed: "Many of the true owners were absent, while others had not returned from slavery to the Waikatos in the north. Thus the 72 chiefs of Ngamotu ...
Edward was appointed to judicial positions: as Resident Magistrate for the Bay of Islands and in 1881 Edward was appointed a judge of the Native Land Court (which became the Māori Land Court) of New Zealand. Williams translated into Māori over 210 hymns and also The Pilgrim's Progress. [1] In 1860, he translated God Save the Queen into Maori. [3]