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All the other Italian states remained independent, with the most powerful being the Venetian Republic, the Medici's Duchy of Tuscany, the Savoyard state, the Republic of Genoa, and the Papal States. The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties.
However, on 8 April, Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on 20 June Italy issued a declaration of war on Austria. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called the Third Independence War, after the First (1848) and the Second (1859). [74]
This is a timeline of the unification of Italy. 1849 – August 24: Venice falls to Austrian forces that have crushed the rebellion in Venetia 1858 – Meeting at Plombieres : Napoleon III and Cavour decide to stage a war with Austria, in return for Piedmont gaining Lombardy, Venetia, Parma and Modena, and France gaining Savoy and Nice.
The political movement Young Italy is formed by activist Giuseppe Mazzini, promoting insurrection in Italian states and Austrian lands to help unify Italy. [10] 1834: 28 May: Mazzini is arrested in Solothurn and exiled from Switzerland. 1846: Pope Pius IX is elected, and his support of the unification of Italy helps to further popularise the ...
The Kingdom of Italy and the Papal States in 1870. Italian nationalism had been stoked during the Napoleonic period but dashed by the settlement of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15), which sought to restore the pre-Napoleonic conditions: most of northern Italy was under the rule of junior branches of the Habsburgs and the Bourbons.
Italian unification was completed, and the capital was moved from Florence to Rome. [b] Some of the states that had been targeted for unification (terre irredente), Trentino-Alto Adige and Julian March, did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918 after Italy defeated Austria-Hungary in the First World War.
The size of the Italian Jewish community has faced a slight but continuous drop throughout the postwar decades, partly because of emigration to Israel or the United States and partly because of low birth rates, assimilation and intermarriage, especially in the small congregations of the North.
Between the eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries, Italy remained divided into small states, many of them under foreign domination: this context did not favor the economic and commercial growth and competitiveness of the Italian area. However, some Italian states initiated major economic reforms that would have long-term implications.