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Rust is a general name for a complex of oxides and hydroxides of iron, [4] which occur when iron or some alloys that contain iron are exposed to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time. Over time, the oxygen combines with the metal, forming new compounds collectively called rust, in a process called rusting.
Several iron oxides are recognized. Often they are non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust. [1] Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts ...
Iron(III) oxide is a product of the oxidation of iron. It can be prepared in the laboratory by electrolyzing a solution of sodium bicarbonate, an inert electrolyte, with an iron anode: 4 Fe + 3 O 2 + 2 H 2 O → 4 FeO(OH) The resulting hydrated iron(III) oxide, written here as FeO(OH), dehydrates around 200 °C. [18] [19] 2 FeO(OH) → Fe 2 O 3 ...
As rust displaces a much higher volume than the originating mass of iron, its build-up can also cause failure by forcing apart adjacent components. It was the cause of the collapse of the Mianus River Bridge in 1983, when support bearings rusted internally and pushed one corner of the road slab off its support.
Red iron(III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3, commonly known as rust) is the most common iron oxide used in thermite. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Black iron(II,III) oxide (Fe 3 O 4 , magnetite ) also works. [ 17 ] Other oxides are occasionally used, such as MnO 2 in manganese thermite, Cr 2 O 3 in chromium thermite, SiO 2 (quartz) in silicon thermite, or copper(II ...
Rust converters are chemical solutions or primers that can be applied directly to an iron or iron alloy surface to convert iron oxides into a protective chemical barrier. These compounds interact with iron oxides, especially iron(III) oxide , converting them into an adherent black layer ( black oxide ) that is more resistant to moisture and ...
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These industry standards generally list several passivation processes that can be used, with the choice of specific method left to the customer and vendor. The "method" is either a nitric acid-based passivating bath, or a citric acid-based bath, these acids remove surface iron and rust, while sparing the chromium. The various 'types' listed ...