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  2. Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tests_of...

    Then, the researchers covered the opposite cotyledon and entrained the newly exposed cotyledon to a 12:12 light-dark cycle delayed by 6 hours, creating a 12-hour difference between the cotyledons. Using transgenic bioluminescence , Thain et al. discovered that the two leaves were out of phase with each other, displaying peaks in luminescence at ...

  3. Explanatory indispensability argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory...

    Mathematical objects play an indispensable explanatory role in science. Therefore, we ought rationally to believe in the existence of mathematical objects. The argument is premised on the idea that inference to the best explanation, which is often used to justify theoretical entities such as electrons, can provide a similar kind of support for ...

  4. Scientific evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_evidence

    Philosophers, such as Karl R. Popper, have provided influential theories of the scientific method within which scientific evidence plays a central role. [8] In summary, Popper provides that a scientist creatively develops a theory that may be falsified by testing the theory against evidence or known facts.

  5. Convergence research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_research

    Convergence research aims to solve complex problems employing transdisciplinarity. [1] While academic disciplines are useful for identifying and conveying coherent bodies of knowledge, some problems require collaboration among disciplines, including both enhanced understanding of scientific phenomena as well as resolving social issues.

  6. Basic research - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research

    This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The number of basic science research [clarification needed] that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most ...

  7. Sine qua non - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_qua_non

    A sine qua non (/ ˌ s aɪ n i k w eɪ ˈ n ɒ n, ˌ s ɪ n i k w ɑː ˈ n oʊ n /, [1] Latin: [ˈsɪnɛ kʷaː ˈnoːn]) or conditio sine qua non (plural: conditiones sine quibus non) is an indispensable and essential action, condition, or ingredient.

  8. Strong programme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_programme

    The strong programme or strong sociology is a variety of the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK) particularly associated with David Bloor, [1] Barry Barnes, Harry Collins, Donald A. MacKenzie, [2] and John Henry.

  9. Empirical evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence

    This distinction also underlies the categorization of sciences into experimental sciences, like physics, and observational sciences, like astronomy. While the distinction is relatively intuitive in paradigmatic cases, it has proven difficult to give a general definition of "intervention" applying to all cases, which is why it is sometimes ...