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Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the DNA contained in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA is in the cell nucleus , and, in plants and algae, the DNA also is ...
MT-ND2 is located in mitochondrial DNA from base pair 4,470 to 5,511. [5] The MT-ND2 gene produces a 39 kDa protein composed of 347 amino acids. [10] [11] MT-ND2 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6.
In humans, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forms closed circular molecules that contain 16,569 [4] [5] DNA base pairs, [6] with each such molecule normally containing a full set of the mitochondrial genes. Each human mitochondrion contains, on average, approximately 5 such mtDNA molecules, with the quantity ranging between 1 and 15. [ 6 ]
MT-ND3 is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,059 to 10,404. [5] The MT-ND3 gene produces a 13 kDa protein composed of 115 amino acids. [9] [10] MT-ND3 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6.
MT-ND1 is located in mitochondrial DNA from base pair 3,307 to 4,262. [5] The MT-ND1 gene produces a 36 kDa protein composed of 318 amino acids. [10] [11] MT-ND1 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6.
The MT-ND4 gene is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,760 to 12,137. [5] [11] The MT-ND4 gene produces a 52 kDa protein composed of 459 amino acids.[12] [13] MT-ND4 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6.
For instance, when linearizing a circular molecular structure, the start of the sequence is selected randomly. This is relevant, for instance, in the process of multiple sequence alignment of mitochondrial DNA, viroid, viral or other genomes, which have a circular molecular structure. Spiral display of an alignment of multiple protein sequences.
The mtDNA control region is an area of the mitochondrial genome which is non-coding DNA. This region controls RNA and DNA synthesis. [1] It is the most polymorphic region of the human mtDNA genome, [2] with polymorphism concentrated in hypervariable regions. The average nucleotide diversity in these regions is 1.7%. [3]