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The modulation index (or modulation depth) of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme. Amplitude modulation index; Frequency modulation index; Phase modulation index
Although average power is the same as PEP for complex modulation forms, such as FSK, the peak envelope power bears no particular ratio or mathematical relationship to longer-term average power in distorted envelopes, such as a CW waveform with power overshoot, or with amplitude modulated waveforms, such as SSB or AM voice transmissions. Typical ...
In satellite communications, carrier-to-noise-density ratio (C/N 0) is the ratio of the carrier power C to the noise power density N 0, expressed in dB-Hz.When considering only the receiver as a source of noise, it is called carrier-to-receiver-noise-density ratio.
As a result, the modulation index m is 0.5. This is the smallest FSK modulation index that can be chosen such that the waveforms for 0 and 1 are orthogonal . A variant of MSK called Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) is used in the GSM mobile phone standard.
There are many different effective medium approximations, [5] each of them being more or less accurate in distinct conditions. Nevertheless, they all assume that the macroscopic system is homogeneous and, typical of all mean field theories, they fail to predict the properties of a multiphase medium close to the percolation threshold due to the absence of long-range correlations or critical ...
In its simplest form, the path loss can be calculated using the formula L = 10 n log 10 ( d ) + C {\displaystyle L=10n\log _{10}(d)+C} where L {\displaystyle L} is the path loss in decibels, n {\displaystyle n} is the path loss exponent, d {\displaystyle d} is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, usually measured in meters ...
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Pulse compression is a signal processing technique commonly used by radar, sonar and echography to either increase the range resolution when pulse length is constrained or increase the signal to noise ratio when the peak power and the bandwidth (or equivalently range resolution) of the transmitted signal are constrained.