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The F factor was the first plasmid to be discovered. Unlike other plasmids, F factor is constitutive for transfer proteins due to a mutation in the gene finO. [4] The F plasmid belongs to F-like plasmids, a class of conjugative plasmids that control sexual functions of bacteria with a fertility inhibition (Fin) system. [5]
The fertility plasmid or F-plasmid was discovered by Esther Lederberg and encodes information for the biosynthesis of sex pilus to aid in bacterial conjugation. Conjugation involves using the sex pilus to form a bridge between two bacteria cells; this bridge allows the F+ cell to transfer a single-stranded copy of the plasmid so that both cells contain a copy of the plasmid.
The ccd system (control of cell death) of the F plasmid encodes two proteins, the CcdB protein (101 amino acids; toxin) and the CcdA antidote (72 amino acids). The antidote prevents CcdB toxicity by forming a tight CcdA–CcdB complex. [2]
[81] [82] In large-scale microorganism processes such as fermentation, progeny cells lacking the plasmid insert often have a higher fitness than those who inherit the plasmid and can outcompete the desirable microorganisms. A toxin-antitoxin system maintains the plasmid thereby maintaining the efficiency of the industrial process. [12]
Low copy plasmids (5 or less copies per host) require either a partitioning system or a toxin-antitoxin pair such as CcdA/CcdB to ensure that each daughter receives the plasmid. For example, the F plasmid, which is the origin of BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) is a single copy plasmid with a partitioning system encoded in an operon ...
The majority of the R-RTF (Resistance Transfer Factor) molecules are found in the resistance plasmid, which can be conceptualized as a circular piece of DNA with a length of 80 to 95 kb. [citation needed] This plasmid shares many genes with the F factor and is largely homologous to it. [15]
Genes on the F plasmid specifies the proteins of the F pilus, which includes the F-pilin protein that serves as the viral receptor. MS2 attaches to the F-pilin on the side of the pilus using its single maturation protein. Once the viral RNA has entered the cell, it begins to function as a messenger RNA for the production of phage proteins. The ...
The coding region of a gene, also known as the coding DNA sequence (CDS), is the portion of a gene's DNA or RNA that codes for a protein. [1] Studying the length, composition, regulation, splicing, structures, and functions of coding regions compared to non-coding regions over different species and time periods can provide a significant amount of important information regarding gene ...